Part 1: Ganelon’s Plot
I-X
King Marsile of Saragossa, a Muslim ruler, is facing a dire situation. Charlemagne, the King of the Franks, has conquered much of Spain, leaving only Saragossa as the last stronghold. Marsile, fearing Charlemagne's might and the impending loss of his kingdom, convenes his council to discuss their options.
Marsile's councilors are at a loss except for Blancandrin, a wise and loyal knight, who suggests a deceitful plan to save Saragossa. He proposes that Marsile should feign submission to Charlemagne, offering extravagant gifts and hostages to secure peace. Blancandrin argues that this strategy would allow them to bide their time until Charlemagne and his forces return to France, where they believe he will be less vigilant. This plan hinges on lulling Charlemagne into a false sense of security and then, if necessary, betraying him to regain control of Saragossa.
Marsile, desperate to save his kingdom and people, reluctantly agrees to Blancandrin's plan. He sends emissaries, including Blancandrin himself, to Charlemagne's camp with olive branches as symbols of peace and humility, along with promises of riches and hostages. The narrative emphasizes the tension between the Christian Franks and the Muslim Saracens, highlighting themes of honor, deceit, and the clash of civilizations.
X-XX
Charlemagne receives the emissaries sent by King Marsile of Saragossa, who come bearing gifts and promises of submission. After hearing their message, Charlemagne convenes his council of barons to deliberate on how to respond to Marsile's proposal.
Initially, Charlemagne considers Marsile's offer of peace, which includes lavish gifts and Marsile's conversion to Christianity. However, some of Charlemagne's barons, notably Roland and Oliver, strongly oppose trusting Marsile. They remind Charlemagne of Marsile's past treachery and the brutal deaths of two previous Frankish envoys.
The debate intensifies as Guenelun, who is in favor of accepting Marsile's proposal, argues for caution and ending the prolonged campaign in Spain. On the other hand, Roland advocates for continuing the war, citing past grievances and emphasizing the need for vengeance and justice. Oliver supports this stance, arguing against trusting Marsile's promises and advocating for maintaining the siege of Saragossa.
The council concludes with Charlemagne seeking a suitable envoy to send back with his response to Marsile. Despite Roland's eagerness to go, Charlemagne decides to send Guenelun, who is seen as more diplomatic and less likely to incite further conflict.
XXI - XXX
Guenelun, chosen by Charlemagne to deliver his response to King Marsile, prepares to journey to Saragossa. Despite initial reluctance and tension with Roland, Guenelun resolves to fulfill his mission dutifully. His departure prompts mixed emotions among the Franks, reflecting the complex relationships and loyalties among Charlemagne's knights.
As Guenelun sets out, he encounters Blancandrin, a Saracen noble, who discusses Charlemagne's formidable reputation and the ongoing conflict between the Franks and the Saracens. Blancandrin expresses concern over Roland's assertive and prideful nature, foreseeing potential trouble if he remains unchecked. Guenelun, while acknowledging Roland's prowess, also hints at the potential downfall of such prideful leaders, suggesting that Roland's actions may lead to his own undoing despite his valor.
XXXI - XL
Guenelun and Blancandrin arrive at King Marsile's court in Saragossa. They deliver Charlemagne's message, which demands Marsile's submission to Christianity and the cession of half of Spain to Charlemagne. Marsile, initially enraged and threatened by the terms, considers his options. Guenelun, steadfast and prepared for conflict if necessary, stands firm with his sword drawn, ready to defend himself against Marsile's initial aggression.
After some negotiation and reassurance from Marsile's son, Jursaleu, that Guenelun should be spared for diplomatic reasons, tensions ease slightly. Marsile promises a significant gift to appease Guenelun and asks probing questions about Charlemagne's age and intentions, showing both respect for Charlemagne's prowess and curiosity about his future plans.
XLI - L
Marsile expresses awe and concern over Charlemagne's age and military prowess, wondering when the aging emperor will retire from war. Guenelun assures Marsile that as long as Charlemagne's nephew, Roland (Rollant), and his companion Oliver live, there will be no peace from Frankish aggression.
Marsile proposes a treacherous plan to Guenelun: ambush Roland and Oliver in the rear of Charlemagne's army during their next campaign in the Pyrenees. Guenelun agrees to the plan, swearing an oath on his sword Murgles and a sacred relic, committing himself to Roland's death. They seal their pact with further oaths on pagan relics and gifts exchanged as tokens of their alliance.
LI - LX
Guenelun (Guenes) returns to Charlemagne's camp to deliver tribute from King Marsile of Spain. He falsely claims that Marsile is willing to submit to Charlemagne's rule and promises peace. Charlemagne is pleased and prepares to return to France, believing that peace is at hand.
However, Guenelun has already made treacherous plans with Marsile to ambush Roland (Rollant) and Oliver in the rear of Charlemagne's army during their return journey through the Pyrenees. Guenelun, driven by ambition and hatred for Roland, manipulates events to ensure Roland's demise. Meanwhile, Charlemagne, unaware of the impending betrayal, is depicted dreaming about conflicts and omens that foreshadow the tragedy to come.
LXI - LXX
The tension escalates as Charlemagne's army, led by Roland, prepares to return to France through the Pyrenees. Despite Roland's resentment at being assigned the rear guard (rereward), he accepts the responsibility with determination to protect the army.
Roland selects a formidable group of companions, including Oliver, Archbishop Turpin, and several other brave knights, totaling a thousand knights. They prepare to guard the rear of the army as it navigates through treacherous mountain passes and valleys.
Meanwhile, Guenelun's treachery unfolds further as Marsile's nephew, egged on by promises of glory and reward from Marsile himself, eagerly seeks permission to lead an attack on Roland and his companions. The pagan lords rally under his command, fueled by the desire to destroy the Franks and secure victory for Spain.
LXXI - LXXX
The tension mounts as additional pagan lords gather under Marsile's banner, all eager to confront Roland and his companions at Roncevaux (Rencesvals). These lords, including Corsablis, Malprimis, and others, boast of their prowess and pledge to defeat the Franks, ensuring the Saracen victory.
Each pagan leader vows to bring death and destruction upon the Frankish rear guard. They express confidence in their numbers and their weaponry, believing they can overwhelm Roland and his small band of knights. Their arrogance and determination set the stage for a fierce battle in the rugged mountain pass.
Meanwhile, the Franks, led by Roland and Oliver, prepare for the impending conflict, fully aware of the daunting challenge ahead. They steel themselves for battle, relying on their faith and loyalty to Charlemagne to face the overwhelming pagan host with courage and determination.
Part 2: The Battle of Roncevaux Pass
LXXXI - XC
Oliver and Roland observe the vast pagan army assembled before them in the valleys and mountains of Spain. Oliver, struck by the overwhelming numbers of the Saracens, rushes down from his vantage point to warn his fellow Franks of the imminent danger.
Oliver describes the scene vividly: the gleaming helmets adorned with gold, jeweled shields, ornate hauberks, and spears with brightly colored ensigns. The pagan host appears countless, inspiring awe and concern among the Frankish ranks.
Despite the daunting odds, Oliver rallies the Franks, urging them to stand firm and prepare for battle like never before. He emphasizes their duty to fight bravely, knowing that their survival and honor depend on their steadfastness in the face of such overwhelming force.
Roland, in his characteristic pride and determination, rejects Oliver's suggestion to sound the olifant (horn), which could summon Charlemagne and the main Frankish army for aid. He adamantly refuses, fearing the shame and reproach that would follow if he were perceived as calling for help prematurely.
The exchange between Roland and Oliver underscores their contrasting characters: Roland's pride and unwavering resolve to meet the enemy head-on, and Oliver's wisdom and concern for the survival of their small band against insurmountable odds. They prepare themselves mentally and spiritually for the battle ahead, fortified by Archbishop Turpin's absolution and exhortation to fight valiantly for the glory of Christendom.
As they brace for the inevitable clash with the pagan forces, the Franks ready themselves for a battle that will test their courage, faith, and loyalty to Charlemagne and the Christian cause against overwhelming odds.
XCI - C
Roland, mounted on his stalwart steed Veillantif, stands atop a peak, surveying the vast kingdom of Spain spread out before him. His gaze falls upon a multitude of Saracen warriors gathered below, their gleaming helmets adorned with gold, shields embellished, and swords at the ready. The sheer numbers of the enemy are staggering—countless ranks that defy accurate estimation.
Overwhelmed by what he sees, Roland swiftly descends from the peak and hurries back to where the Frankish forces await. There, he delivers his urgent report to Oliver and the other lords of France. He recounts the ominous sight of the Saracen host, their numbers beyond reckoning, each adorned in armor that sparkles in the sun—a formidable force poised for battle.
Oliver, renowned for his wisdom and valor, wastes no time in assessing the grave situation. He acknowledges the overwhelming odds they face but urges his comrades not to falter. With solemn determination, Oliver advises against sounding the olifant, knowing that Charlemagne's main army is too distant to provide immediate aid. Instead, he calls upon the Frankish knights to stand firm, prepared to face the Saracen onslaught with unwavering courage.
The Franks, rallied by Oliver's words, pledge to fight to the last. They vow that if death must come, they will meet it with honor and defiance. Their resolve echoes through the ranks as they prepare for the imminent clash, each knight bracing for the ferocious battle ahead.
Meanwhile, the Saracen forces, led by Marsile's nephew Aelroth, taunt the Franks, mocking their isolation and predicting their inevitable defeat. Aelroth's words of disdain only serve to fuel Roland's fury. With a thunderous charge, Roland charges headlong into the fray, his lance aimed true. In a single, devastating strike, he shatters Aelroth's shield and cleaves through his hauberk, ending the young Saracen's life in a swift and decisive blow.
Witnessing Roland's feat of unmatched prowess, the Franks are emboldened. They take up their arms with renewed vigor, each knight eager to prove their valor in the face of overwhelming odds. Duke Falfarun, Marsile's brother, seeks vengeance for his fallen kin and charges into battle. But Oliver, ever vigilant and steadfast, meets Falfarun's challenge with unwavering resolve. In a fierce exchange, Oliver strikes down the vengeful duke, his blade finding its mark with lethal precision.
Amidst the chaos and clash of steel, Archbishop Turpin, the stalwart spiritual leader of the Franks, rides forth with divine fervor. His steed, spurred on by golden spurs, carries him into the heart of the enemy ranks. There, Turpin meets King Corsablix, a fierce and defiant Saracen ruler. With a righteous fury, Turpin delivers a devastating blow that pierces Corsablix's armor and lays him low, a testament to the indomitable spirit of the Frankish knights.
CI - CX
The battlefield roars with the clash of Christian knights and Saracen warriors. Otes, a stalwart Frankish knight, charges forth with unyielding valor. His lance strikes Estorgant's shield with a thunderous blow, slicing through its leather bindings and tearing apart the scarlet and white heraldry. Otes' spear thrusts true, piercing Estorgant's armor and hurling him lifeless to the ground, a testament to the Frankish resolve and skill in combat.
Berenger, undeterred by the chaos around him, engages Estramariz, a formidable Saracen adversary. With a mighty stroke, Berenger shatters Estramariz's shield and cleaves through his mail, delivering a fatal blow that sends the Saracen crashing among his fallen comrades. The Franks press on relentlessly, their courage unshaken despite the dwindling odds.
Among the surviving Saracens stands Margariz, renowned for his gallantry and speed. He charges towards Oliver, aiming his spear at the Frankish knight. The blow strikes true, breaking Oliver's shield, but by the grace of God, Oliver remains unscathed as his armor holds firm. Undeterred, Margariz sounds his trumpet, rallying his comrades to continue the fight against the resolute Franks.
Meanwhile, Count Roland, wielding his legendary sword Durendal, cleaves through the Saracen ranks with relentless determination. His blade cuts deep, carving a path through enemy lines, leaving a trail of fallen foes in his wake. The battlefield is painted in hues of crimson as Roland and his fellow knights, including Oliver, unleash their fury upon the Saracen host.
Oliver, having broken his spear in the heat of battle, draws his mighty sword as advised by Roland. With skill and ferocity, he strikes down Malsarun and several other Saracen warriors, his blade proving decisive in turning the tide of the skirmish. Roland, ever vigilant and strategic, encourages his comrades with resounding cries of "Monjoie," invoking the rallying call of Charlemagne's army.
As the conflict intensifies, Gerins and Gerers charge into the fray, their combined efforts dealing fatal blows to the Saracen Timozel and other adversaries. The Archbishop Turpin, wielding his divine wrath, dispatches Siglorel, an enchanter of dark renown, casting him down in righteous judgment. The Franks, undeterred by the tempestuous weather that mirrors the intensity of their battle, press on with unwavering resolve.
Yet, amid the valiant efforts of the Franks, tragedy strikes their ranks. Many noble knights fall, their lives claimed in the fierce exchange of blows. The earth itself seems to tremble under the weight of their sacrifice, while ominous signs of thunder and darkness cast a foreboding shadow over the battlefield.
CXI - CXX
The Franks, led by the indomitable Roland and his loyal companion Oliver, press forward with unyielding courage despite the overwhelming numbers of King Marsilies' Saracen host.
As the battle rages on, the Franks unleash a relentless onslaught upon the Saracen ranks. Pagans fall by the thousands, their gleaming armor and proud helms no match for the Christian zeal and prowess displayed by the dozen peers and their valiant Archbishop Turpin.
Amidst the chaos, Archbishop Turpin rallies his men with words of encouragement and divine assurance, urging them to stand firm in the face of impending doom. He assures them that even in death, their souls will find solace in the promise of eternal paradise, a reassurance that bolsters the Franks' spirits amidst the carnage and despair.
Yet, as the battle reaches its crescendo, tragedy strikes the Frankish ranks. The loss of noble knights like Engelier, Sanson, and Anseis weighs heavily upon Roland and his comrades. Despite their grief, the Franks steel themselves for further combat, their determination fueled by a mix of vengeance and duty to Charlemagne.
On the opposing side, King Marsilies marshals his vast army with unfaltering resolve, spurred on by the treachery of Guenelun and the promise of conquest. The Saracen host, bedecked in armor adorned with gold and jewels, unleashes a thunderous charge, shaking the very earth beneath their horses' hooves. Trumpets blare in unison, signaling the onslaught that threatens to engulf the Franks in a tide of pagan fury.
In the heat of battle, individual heroics shine brightly. Count Rollanz, wielding his legendary sword Durendal, cleaves through the Saracen lines with unmatched ferocity. His blade, bathed in the blood of countless foes, becomes a symbol of Frankish defiance against overwhelming odds. Oliver, his faithful comrade, matches Rollanz blow for blow with his own mighty sword Halteclere, ensuring that no Saracen stands unchallenged.
Among the Saracen champions, figures like Climborins and Malquiant emerge as formidable adversaries, their deeds of valor and treachery echoing across the battlefield. Each clash of arms and fall of a warrior underscores the high stakes of this epic confrontation between Christianity and Islam, where each side fights not just for victory, but for the very soul of Europe.
CXXI - CXXX
The battle between the Franks and the Saracens intensifies. Count Rollanz, grieving the loss of his fellow knights, confronts and defeats the Saracen warrior Grandonie in a fierce duel. The Franks, led by Rollanz and Archbishop Turpin, fight with valor and determination, causing heavy casualties among the Saracens. King Marsilies, realizing the dire situation, orders a retreat, signaling horns to withdraw his forces. Despite their victory, the Franks mourn their fallen comrades and debate whether to call for King Charlemagne's reinforcements. Rollanz eventually decides to sound his horn, hoping to bring aid and secure final victory for the Franks against the Saracen army.
CXXXI - CXL
The battle intensifies as Rollanz and Oliver confront each other amidst the carnage. Oliver blames Rollanz for their dire situation, believing his delay in sounding the olifant (horn) has cost them dearly. Despite their quarrel, Archbishop Turpin intervenes, urging them to focus on the present and the impending battle. Rollanz, determined and wounded, finally blows the olifant with all his strength. The sound travels far, reaching Charlemagne and his army, who realize the Franks are in desperate need. They hastily prepare for battle, eager to relieve Rollanz and his men. Meanwhile, Rollanz, reflecting on the loss of his comrades and the impending doom, prepares for what may be his final stand against the Saracens, resolved to fight to the end.
CXLI - CL
The battle reaches a fever pitch as Rollanz continues to fight valiantly, cutting down many Saracens in his path. Meanwhile, Oliver also displays great prowess, slaying several enemies including Marsile's son. The tide briefly turns when a new wave of Saracen reinforcements, led by Marsile's uncle, arrives. Rollanz and the Franks, despite being outnumbered, fight fiercely, resolved not to dishonor France. Oliver, sensing his end near, fights with unparalleled bravery, inflicting heavy casualties on the enemy before succumbing to his wounds. Rollanz, devastated by Oliver's death, mourns his friend's passing but remains resolute in battle, knowing that Charlemagne's arrival is imminent.
CLI - CLX
Rollant mourns the death of his dear friend Oliver, overwhelmed by grief but resolute to continue the fight. He rallies alongside Archbishop Turpin and Gualter del Hum, facing overwhelming odds as they fend off waves of Saracens. Despite their valor, Turpin suffers grievous wounds, and Gualter falls in battle. Rollant, now sensing his own end near, blows his horn, the olifant, signaling for Charlemagne's aid. The sound reaches Charlemagne, who realizes the dire situation and hastens to his nephew's aid with his army. The Saracens, hearing the approaching Franks, fear the impending retribution and intensify their assault on Rollant, aiming to kill him before Charlemagne arrives. They kill his horse as Rollant prepares for his last stand.
CLXI - CLXX
Rollant, devastated by the loss of his comrades and the noble Archbishop Turpin, tends to their bodies with solemn reverence. Despite his own injuries and exhaustion, he gathers each fallen knight, including his dear friend Olivier and others, and arranges them before Turpin. There, he and the dying Turpin share a moment of prayer and farewell, as Rollant prepares for his own inevitable end.
The scene is filled with sorrow and honor, as Rollant, deeply moved, weeps for his fallen companions and acknowledges their bravery in battle. He pays homage to Olivier, recalling his virtues and prowess as a warrior, lamenting the loss of such noble knights. Rollant's grief is palpable as he witnesses the toll of the battle, with his own strength waning but his resolve unwavering.
As Rollant turns to find water for his wounds and to aid Turpin, he is weakened further by his own injuries and the loss of blood. Despite his efforts, Turpin succumbs to his wounds, passing away with dignity and devotion. Rollant, seeing his beloved mentor and comrade depart, experiences profound sorrow, knowing that he is now truly alone on the battlefield.
Facing his own mortality, Rollant gathers what strength remains to him. He takes up his olifant once more, sounding it in a final act of defiance and honor. As he collapses near a pair of trees on a cliff, he knows that death approaches. A Saracen, seeing Rollant seemingly lifeless, attempts to seize Durendal as a trophy. Yet, Rollant, driven by a last surge of strength and will, strikes down his assailant with a fatal blow, ensuring that his cherished sword remains untarnished and his legacy endures.
CLXXI - CLXXX
Rollant, near death and blinded by his injuries, attempts to destroy his beloved sword, Durendal, to prevent it from falling into pagan hands. Despite his efforts, Durendal remains unbroken, a testament to its legendary strength and Christian symbolism.
Rollant reflects on his life and accomplishments, recounting the many battles and lands he conquered for Charlemagne. He laments that his sword, forged with relics and entrusted to him by Charlemagne, may now be lost to the pagans. With his last strength, Rollant continues to pray and confess his sins, asking for God's forgiveness and protection for France.
As Rollant succumbs to death, he makes a final gesture of devotion, offering his glove to God and submitting to His will. Angels descend to carry his soul to Paradise, marking the end of his heroic journey.
Meanwhile, Charlemagne arrives at the battlefield of Rencesvals, devastated to find his nephew and the Twelve Peers slain. Overwhelmed with grief and anger, he vows vengeance upon the fleeing pagans, leading his army in pursuit. With divine intervention, the day is extended to aid in their pursuit, symbolizing God's favor and the justice sought by the Franks.
The Franks begin relentlessly chasing the pagans towards Saragossa, where many pagans perish in the River Ebro, invoking their god Tervagant in vain. The Franks, mourning their fallen heroes, especially lament the loss of Rollant, whose bravery and loyalty are celebrated even in death.
Part 3: Charlemagne’s Battle with Baligant
CLXXXI - CXC
Charles surveys the aftermath of the battle, seeing many pagans slain and others drowned in the River Ebro. His knights gather spoils from the battlefield, a grim task following their victory.
Charles, filled with gratitude to God for their survival and vengeance, kneels and offers thanks. As night falls, he decides to make camp, recognizing the exhaustion of his troops and their horses. They unsaddle their worn-out horses, allowing them to graze freely in the meadows. Despite the Franks' weariness, no sentinels keep watch that night, reflecting their trust in God's protection.
The narrative then shifts to Charles preparing for rest. He lays his mighty spear by his side, dons his armor including his renowned sword, Joyeuse. This sword, with its sacred history tied to Christianity, symbolizes the authority and divine favor bestowed upon Charles. It is said that this sword contained part of the Holy Spear in its pommel. As he settles for the night, he is tormented by grief for his fallen comrades, especially Rollant and Oliver, and the other brave knights who perished at Rencesvals.
In a vision, Charles receives a forewarning of future hardships and battles, accompanied by apocalyptic imagery of storms, flames, and mythical beasts attacking his army. Despite these dire omens, Charles remains resolute and prepared for the challenges ahead.
Meanwhile, Marsile, the defeated Saracen king, retreats to Saragossa in shame and despair. His defeat weighs heavily upon him, exacerbated by the loss of his right hand in battle. He and his followers lament their defeat and the destruction of their idols by the victorious Franks.
The poem concludes with a shift to future events, hinting at the impending arrival of Baligant from Babylon with a massive army to avenge Marsile and confront Charlemagne. This sets the stage for future conflicts and continues the epic saga beyond the immediate aftermath of Roncevaux.
CXCI - CC
The focus of the poem shifts to the arrival of Baligant, the pagan admiral from Babylon, who arrives with a massive fleet to aid Marsile in Sarragossa. The pagans, with lanterns and carbuncles lighting their way, sail up the River Ebro to reach the city.
Baligant himself disembarks, accompanied by seventeen kings and a host of nobles. They set up a gathering under a laurel tree on a white silk mat, where Baligant takes a seat on an ivory fald-stool. He addresses his assembled commanders, declaring his resolve to confront Charlemagne in France, vowing that Charlemagne will not eat bread unless Baligant commands it. This speech emphasizes his determination to either defeat or force Charlemagne into submission.
Baligant sends two messengers, Clarifan and Clarien, to deliver a challenge and an ultimatum to Marsile in Sarragossa. They carry Baligant's glove and a golden wand, symbols of his authority and demands. Upon reaching Sarragossa, they find the city in mourning and chaos following Marsile's defeat and loss of his right hand at the hands of Roland (Rollanz).
Inside the palace, Bramimunde, Marsile's queen, laments the dire situation and the failure of their gods to protect them. The messengers deliver Baligant's message, offering Marsile terms of surrender and alliance against Charlemagne, or face further devastation. Marsile, facing death and defeat, agrees to submit to Baligant's authority and begs for his intervention against Charlemagne.
CCI - CCX
Baligant, the pagan admiral from Babylon, arrives with his army after Marsile's defeat. He appoints Gemalfin to command his forces and enters Sarragossa. There, he meets Bramimunde, Marsile's queen, who laments the loss of her husband and the dire situation they face.
Marsile, severely wounded and near death, acknowledges Baligant's authority over his lands and offers Sarragossa as a token of surrender. Baligant, grieving Marsile's defeat but resolute in his mission, accepts the glove symbolizing authority over Spain. He departs with his army, rallying them for the upcoming conflict with Charlemagne.
Meanwhile, Charlemagne awakens at dawn, grief-stricken by the sight of his fallen knights at Roncevaux. He mourns especially for his nephew, Roland (Rollant), whose body he finds amidst the carnage. Overwhelmed by sorrow, Charlemagne faints several times, lamenting the loss of such a valiant knight and the implications for his kingdom.
CCXI - CCXX
Charlemagne grapples with profound grief over the loss of his brave knights, particularly Roland, Oliver, and Archbishop Turpin. He commands his men to gather and honorably bury the fallen Franks they find on the battlefield. The bodies are placed in a charnel, where clergy offer absolution and conduct solemn rites with incense and prayers.
The narrative then shifts to preparations for the impending battle with Baligant's massive pagan army. Messengers arrive challenging Charlemagne to combat, proclaiming Baligant's arrival and the impending clash. Despite his grief, Charlemagne swiftly prepares for battle, donning his armor, mounting his horse Tencendur, and rallying his troops with resolute determination.
The Frankish forces assemble and organize into columns under the command of trusted leaders like Naimes the Duke and other noble figures. The army is described as formidable and well-equipped, ready to face the Arab invaders in what promises to be a decisive and epic confrontation.
CCXXI - CCXXX
Charlemagne continues to organize his forces in preparation for the battle against Baligant's vast pagan army. The Franks are grouped into ten columns, each led by distinguished commanders and representing different regions and peoples of Charlemagne's empire. Notably, the Bretons, Peitevins, Flamengs, Lotherengs, Normans, and others are mentioned, highlighting the diversity and strength of Charlemagne's army.
As they assemble on the plains of Spain, Charlemagne, deeply moved by his grief for Roland and the fallen knights, prays fervently for divine assistance and guidance. He invokes God's protection and draws strength from biblical references, preparing himself spiritually before mounting his horse and leading his troops forward.
Meanwhile, Baligant, the formidable leader of the Saracens, also prepares for battle with equal determination. He dons his magnificent armor, including a splendidly adorned sword named Preciuse and a large shield, symbolizing his authority and readiness for combat.
CCXXXI - CCXL
Baligant grants his son Malprimes permission to lead an assault against the Franks, promising him land as a reward if successful. Malprimes eagerly accepts and prepares to command thirty columns of troops, consisting of various ethnic and tribal groups united under the Saracen banner.
Baligant himself, a wise and formidable leader, organizes his massive army into ten columns, each comprised of diverse peoples from different regions such as Butenrot, Turks, Persians, and more. These columns reflect the ethnic and cultural diversity within Baligant's forces, emphasizing the vastness and strength of his army.
The scene is one of preparation and tension, with both sides gearing up for a fierce battle on the plains of Spain. Baligant, confident in his army's strength and the leadership of his commanders, prepares to face Charlemagne head-on, believing that victory is within his grasp.
Meanwhile, Charlemagne and his knights also prepare for battle, rallying under their standard and sounding their trumpets. The Franks, led by their valiant king, are resolved to meet the Saracens in combat, invoking God's protection and preparing for a battle that will decide the fate of their mission in Spain.
CCXLI - CCL
The Franks, led by brave knights like Rabel and Guineman, engage the Saracen leaders with fierce determination. Rabel strikes down Torleu, the Persian king, with a powerful blow that pierces through his defenses, killing him instantly. This act is celebrated by the Franks, who pray for God's guidance and reaffirm their loyalty to Charlemagne.
Guineman confronts and kills King Leutice, breaking through his shield and armor with a precise and deadly strike. The Franks cheer him on, seeing these victories as proof of God's justice and their rightful cause against the pagans.
Meanwhile, Malprimes, Baligant's son, rides a white horse and wreaks havoc among the Franks, inflicting significant casualties. Baligant praises his son's bravery and urges the Saracen forces to support him in the ongoing battle.
The battlefield is described vividly, with both sides suffering heavy losses as the conflict rages on. Spears shatter, shields crumple, and the ground is stained with blood, highlighting the intensity and brutality of the combat.
Charlemagne, rallying his troops, expresses his deep appreciation for their loyalty and valor in previous battles. He leads them with a call for vengeance for those who fell at Rencesvals, vowing to defeat the pagan armies and uphold their honor.
In the midst of the chaos, individual duels and skirmishes unfold, showcasing acts of heroism and sacrifice on both sides. Duke Naimes and other Frankish knights engage in personal combat, facing off against formidable Saracen opponents, each clash deciding life or death in this epic struggle.
CCLI - CCLX
Baligant, the Saracen admiral, charges into battle with ferocity, targeting Count Guineman among others. He strikes Guineman with such force that he shatters his shield, slashes through his armor, and mortally wounds him. Baligant continues to wreak havoc, killing Gebuin, Lorain, and Richard the Norman lord, earning praise from his fellow pagans for his bravery.
The battle intensifies as both Frankish and Saracen knights fiercely engage, breaking spears and shattering shields in a brutal display of medieval warfare. The field becomes littered with fallen soldiers, and the cries of the wounded echo across the battlefield.
Baligant, facing mounting losses including his son Malprime and his brother Canabeus, calls upon his gods for aid, promising them lavish homage if they grant him victory over Charlemagne. However, news of the deaths of his loved ones deeply affects him, and he despairs, contemplating the end of his line and his own mortality.
Despite the setbacks, Baligant rallies his remaining forces and launches a desperate assault against the Franks, leading to a bloody clash where neither side gives ground easily. Duke Naimes and other Frankish leaders respond with equal resolve, rallying their troops to counter the Saracen onslaught with renewed vigor.
The duel between Charlemagne and Baligant becomes the focal point of the battle. Both kings fight fiercely, their swords clashing against each other's shields and armor. Each refuses to yield, knowing that only one will emerge victorious, while the fate of their armies hangs in the balance.
CCLXI - CCLXX
In a climactic duel, Charlemagne and Baligant, the Saracen admiral, engage in fierce combat. Despite Baligant initially gaining the upper hand by severely wounding Charlemagne, the archangel Gabriel appears to encourage Charlemagne. Renewed with strength, Charlemagne delivers a fatal blow to Baligant, shattering his helmet and killing him. With his victory cry of "Monjoie," Charlemagne rallies his forces to drive the remaining Saracens into retreat.
The Franks pursue the fleeing Saracens, exacting vengeance for their fallen comrades. Charlemagne urges his knights to continue the pursuit with fervor. Sarraguce falls to Charlemagne's forces, and the city is captured. The poem depicts the destruction of pagan idols and the conversion of many Saracens to Christianity. Bramimunde, widow of Marsile, mourns their defeat and conversion.
Charlemagne establishes his authority over Sarraguce, leaving a garrison and overseeing the conversion of its inhabitants to Christianity. The poem emphasizes Charlemagne's piety and his mission to spread the Christian faith.
Triumphantly returning to Aix-en-Provence with captives and spoils of war, Charlemagne celebrates his victory. However, sorrow mars the occasion as Alde, grieving for Roland, dies upon hearing of his death. Charlemagne honors her with a solemn funeral. The narrative then shifts to the trial and execution of Guenelun (Ganelon), who betrayed Roland.
CCLXXI - CCLXXX
Charlemagne holds a trial at Aix to judge Ganelon for his betrayal in delivering Roland and his peers to their deaths in Spain. Ganelon defends himself, claiming his actions were motivated by personal grievances rather than treason. The Frankish barons debate Ganelon's fate, with conflicting opinions on whether he should be punished or spared. Tierri advocates strongly for Ganelon's execution, leading to a challenge from Pinabel for a trial by combat to settle the matter. The stage is set for a dramatic showdown between Tierri and Pinabel to determine Ganelon's fate.
CCLXXXI - CCXCI
Tierri and Pinabel engage in a fierce duel in a large pasture near Aix. Their combat is intense, shattering shields and tearing armor, but neither yields. Pinabel offers a truce and pledges allegiance to Tierri, but Tierri refuses, determined to see justice done. They resume fighting with brutal intensity, neither willing to back down. Tierri strikes a fatal blow to Pinabel, killing him. The Franks declare Tierri the victor, believing his victory proves Ganelon's guilt. They prepare for Ganelon's punishment.
Tierri is celebrated by Charlemagne and his knights after his victory. Ganelon and his kin are sentenced to death by hanging. The punishment is swift and merciless, carried out without hesitation as Ganelon is quartered and his limbs torn apart by horses. After the executions, Charlemagne and the bishops baptize Bramimunde, converting her to Christianity and renaming her Juliane.
Part 4: Quotes and Information
i.) Roland’s devotion to his lord.
“Answers Rollanz: "God grant us then the fee!
For our King's sake well must we quit us here;
Man for his lord should suffer great disease,
Most bitter cold endure, and burning heat,
His hair and skin should offer up at need.
Now must we each lay on most hardily,
So evil songs neer sung of us shall be.
Pagans are wrong: Christians are right indeed.
Evil example will never come of me."
ii.) Roland’s bravery is shown.
“Says Oliver: "Pagans in force abound,
While of us Franks but very few I count;
Comrade Rollanz, your horn I pray you sound!
If Charles hear, he'll turn his armies round."
Answers Rollanz: "A fool I should be found;
In France the Douce would perish my renown.
With Durendal I'll lay on thick and stout,
In blood the blade, to its golden hilt, I'll drown.
Felon pagans to th' pass shall not come down;
I pledge you now, to death they all are bound.”
iii.) Oliver teaches Roland that pride is not bravery.
“Comrade, it was your deed:
Vassalage comes by sense, and not folly;
Prudence more worth is than stupidity.
Here are Franks dead, all for your trickery;
No more service to Carlun may we yield.
My lord were here now, had you trusted me,
And fought and won this battle then had we,
Taken or slain were the king Marsilie.”
iv.) Roland finally sounds his horn to call for help.
The Count Rollanz, with sorrow and with pangs,
And with great pain sounded his olifant:
Out of his mouth the clear blood leaped and ran,
About his brain the very temples cracked.
Loud is its voice, that horn he holds in hand;
Charles hath heard, where in the pass he stands,
And Neimes hears, and listen all the Franks.
Then says the King: "I hear his horn, Rollant's;
He'ld never sound, but he were in combat."
v.) Roland mourns as he sees the death of so many good Knights.
Rollant regards the barren mountain-sides;
Dead men of France, he sees so many lie,
And weeps for them as fits a gentle knight:
"Lords and barons, may God to you be kind!
And all your souls redeem for Paradise!
And let you there mid holy flowers lie!
Better vassals than you saw never I.
vi.) Charlemagne is delivered by an Angel.
Charles tottereth, falls nearly to the ground;
God wills not he be slain or overpow'red.
Saint Gabriel once more to him comes down,
And questions him "Great King, what doest thou?"
Charles, hearing how that holy Angel spake,
Had fear of death no longer, nor dismay;
Remembrance and a fresh vigour he's gained.
So the admiral he strikes with France's blade,
His helmet breaks, whereon the jewels blaze,
Slices his head, to scatter all his brains,
And, down unto the white beard, all his face;
So he falls dead, recovers not again.
"Monjoie," cries Charles, that all may know the tale.
vii.) The Twelve Peers/Paladins of Charlemagne
Roland (d. 778) - Charlemagne's nephew and the most famous of the Twelve Peers. His main story is found in the epic poem "The Song of Roland," where he valiantly defends Charlemagne's rear guard at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass.
Oliver (d. 778) - Roland's loyal friend and companion, known for his wisdom and courage. He plays a crucial role in "The Song of Roland," particularly in his relationship with Roland and their tragic fate at Roncevaux.
Duke Namo of Bavaria - A noble and wise ruler who supports Charlemagne. His stories are found in various chansons de geste, where he is depicted as a steadfast ally and leader among the Frankish knights.
Renaud de Montauban - Also known as Rinaldo in Italian literature. He is a heroic knight known for his strength and prowess in battle, as well as his conflicts and adventures against Saracen foes. His stories are prominently featured in "The Song of Roland" and other chansons de geste like "The Four Sons of Aymon."
Bradamante - A female knight and sister of Renaud. She is renowned for her courage and skill in combat. Her adventures are featured prominently in the Italian epic poems "Orlando Innamorato" and "Orlando Furioso."
Ruggiero the Saracen - A Saracen knight who converts to Christianity and becomes a formidable ally of Charlemagne's knights. His story is central to "Orlando Furioso" and other Italian romances.
Huon of Bordeaux - A brave knight who embarks on fantastical adventures. His main story is found in the chanson de geste "Huon of Bordeaux," where he overcomes supernatural challenges and earns Charlemagne's favor.
Ogier the Dane - A legendary knight known for his strength and loyalty. His stories appear in various chansons de geste, including "The Knight of Saint Denis" and "Ogier the Dane," where he fights alongside Charlemagne against enemies both human and supernatural.
Astolfo of England - A knight known for his courage and adventurous spirit. His exploits are detailed in "Orlando Furioso," where he embarks on quests and encounters magical beings.
Archbishop Turpin (d. 800) - The Archbishop of Reims who also fights as a warrior-priest in defense of Christianity. He is a prominent figure in "The Song of Roland," where he dies in battle after delivering a rousing speech to inspire the Frankish knights.
Malagigi the Enchanter - A sorcerer and advisor to Charlemagne's knights, known for his magical abilities and strategic counsel. His stories are found in various chansons de geste, where he aids the paladins in their quests and battles.
Ganelon the Traitor - Roland's stepfather who betrays Charlemagne by allying with the Saracens. His treachery leads to the tragic events at Roncevaux Pass and is a central plot point in "The Song of Roland."